Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical integrity. Accurately identifying these voids is fundamental for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrica
Geotechnical exploration strategies are essential for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These features can significantly impact the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and slope. A variety of in situ exploration methods are employed to detect cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as ele
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement